富银基金告诉你什么是庭院经济庭院经济(Courtyard Economy)什么是庭院经济 庭院经济是以家庭为单位，以庭院时空为基础，以劳动密集或技术密集为手段，运用 自有可支配的劳动力和生产资料，综合配置和开发可以利用的自然资源和社会资源，以市场为导向，从事集约型商品生产的一种家庭自营经济活动。
即是指农户充分利用家庭院落的空间和各种资源，从事高度集约化商品生产的一种经营形式，主要有种植业、养殖业、加工业。有的以一业为主从事专业化生产；有的种、养、加工并举，综合经营；有的利用有限空间发展立体种养业。我国大部分人口分布在农村或小城镇，家家户户都有大小不等的庭院可以利用，发展庭院经济有很大潜力。庭院经济的内涵与范畴 庭院经济是在广义农业中的家庭副业的基础上发展起来的，但它不包括家庭副业中的外出劳务的内容，因而不同于广义农业中的家庭副业，其本质上虽是农业经济，但因其包含家庭工业、商业，因此，也不能把它与农业经济划等号；它是家庭经济的重要组成部分，但不包括家庭经济中的承包经济和外来收入，因而又不同于家庭经济。可见，庭院经济有其特定的内涵和范畴。
庭院经济的范畴包括三个方面：第一，庭院的空间范畴，庭院的空间范畴限定于农产和城乡居民的院落、院坝、林盘、竹盘、庭园、山庄以及住宅周围的坪地、自留地等非承包农田范围内，它以土地终极性为限；第二，庭院时间范畴，庭院的时间范畴指根据市场需求，充分利用庭院资源时效性特点，合理利用消费需求时间差，适时生产附加值较高的商品；第三，庭院的内容范畴，庭院的内容范畴涵盖了利用城乡可利用的一切自然资源和自然资源从事的各种种植、养殖、加工、贮藏、服务等自主生产、经营活动。
根据庭院经济的范畴，结合当前庭院经济的发展，庭院经济的概念也可被理解为：农户在继承、发展和改造传统的家庭“副业”、改善经营管理方式和目标的基础上，充分发展庭院、坪地、林盘、竹盘、多余旧房屋、农舍屋顶或利用院落内人工设施模拟生态环境等优势，以开发庭院时空为基础，以可利用的农作物、植物、微生物、真菌、畜禽、鱼类，或其他水生物、珍稀动物等生物及其他可利用资源为劳动对象，以集约化、商品化生产为特征，以劳动密集和技术密集相结合为手段，以提高土地利用率、资源产出率和产品商品率为宗旨，以满足市场需求，实现较高的经济、社会和生态效益的一种以农户家庭为单位的农村商品的经济形态。庭院经济的特点 1.灵活方便。
庭院经济近在咫尺，没有路途上的劳苦，可以节省时间。并可因地制宜地发展种植业养殖业、手工业和加工业的生产，提高庭院的经济效益。而且具有投资少，见效快的特点，比较容易适应国内市场需求多变的特点，又可成为外向经济的组成部分，创造外汇收入。
2.高效经济。
庭院经济利用的是闲散劳动力或不宜到大田中劳动的劳力，有时也可是茶余饭后的顺手之劳，通过系统组合，使各项废弃物得以利用，较少的投入产出较高的效益。一个普通的庭院，经过三—五天建设，便可成为一个人工效益的良性生态系统，利益群众。
3.发展科技。
庭院经济不是我国传统小农经济的发展，搞好庭院经济严密和科学性，甚至有高科技技术的投入。它必须与现代化的科学技术和市场信息紧密结合。
4.提供就业途径。
当前，我国农村的大量剩余劳动力盲目地涌入城市，给交通和社会安全造成巨大压力，庭院经济实现了剩余劳力离土不离乡，同时也为下岗职工的再就业提供了途径，据某一报道，有一下岗女工利用阳台生产豆芽菜，年产值三万余元。
此外，庭院经济还为青少年提供良好的实践课堂，培养了他们的劳动观念，科学态度和陶冶了他们的情操。庭院经济的模式 近年来，随着科学技术水平的不断提高，农村庭院经济也从经济型转向生态型发展，同时也涌现了许多生态户的典型，概括起来，庭院经济主要有以下几种模式。
1.能源建设型模式。
此种模式主要适用于薪材缺乏地区，结合建设沼气池，在庭院内实现物质循环利用，既改善了农村卫生状况，提高村民的健康水平，又收到良好的经济效益。有的地方他们将庭院经济模式设置为：将厕所、猪圈、鸡舍与沼气池相连通。从解决燃料上下手，调整庭院内的系统结构，提高总体功能，实现沼气点灯做饭，沼气渣喂蚯蚓、蚯蚓喂鸡……等多综合效益。
2.多层次循环模式。
此种模式以农作物的茎杆为基础，先用茎杆做培养基，培育食用菌，再以菌渣菌糠为饲料养牛、兔的等家畜，最后各种物质粪便进入沼气解决燃料问题。
3.综合经营模式。
此种模式充分利用庭院的不同空间和生态系统的各种资源，种养等综合经营，主体发展养殖业种植业，并将各业的产品进行深加工，使其增加产值，获得良好的生态效益和经济效益。庭院经济开发依据与原则 庭院是极其典型的人工生态环境，要进行立体开采利用，需要通过人为的经筹安排，使其在这一系统中生活的各种生物之间互惠互利，实现共生，促使物质因地循环，引导能量向人类要求转变。
庭院环境中有很多可以利用的自然资源，主要有土壤、水分、光照、空气等，发展庭院经济还有劳力近、能源近、水源近、加工近等优点，复杂的环境条件成为多种经营的基础，如果房前背风向阳的，适合喜湿生物(如桃、李、葡萄等)的生长；树下、棚架上的阴蔽环境为耐荫植物与食用菌提供良好的生长条件；围墙、篱笆可为蔓性植物(如南瓜、葫芦和其他藤本植物)提供立体发展的条件。庭院经济还可根据所在地区的湿度、气候、降水等自然条件和市场要求，以及个人的科学技术水平，因地制宜地进行科学系统的组合。庭院经济的作用 庭院经济的重要作用有以下几点： 1.经济性。可以利用院落占用的土地资源、利用闲散劳力和不宜到大田劳动的劳力，通过系统组合，使生产中的各种废弃物得到充分利用，用较少投入获得比较高的效益。
2.满足社会的各种需求，增加农户的经济收入。庭院经济通过适当改造，能尽快生产出各种名、优、特产品，经济效益高。一个普通庭院通过3－5年的时间就可以较快地改变成为高效的院落生态系统，尽快富民。
3.庭院经济还为新技术在农村推广提供了一个有效的试验点。
4.美化居住环境。庭院经济可以把经济建设和环境建设有机地结合起未，既可获得较高的经济效益，又美化了生活环境，使经济效益、生态效益和社会效益实行高度统一。国外庭院经济的发展 顾名思义，庭院经济是人们依托所居住的庭院从事的一类经济活动，它与田园经济相并列，共同构成了农户经济。从历史上看，人类经过漫长的采集渔猎，逐步过渡到以农耕畜牧为中心的原始农业和以家庭为中心的农耕社会，人们通过劳动，使原始农业生产的物质产品逐步增加，劳动产品开始出现剩余，这不仅改善了人类自身的生存条件，而且还使产品交换不断发生并导致私有制的出现，原始的庭院经济由此产生并向前发展。随着种养经验的积累和劳动工具性能的改善，庭院经济活动也被逐步调整和扩大，农业生产逐渐向自然资源开发纵深领域发展。在古华夏文化、古埃及尼罗河文化、古西亚巴比伦文化、古印度两河文化以及古希腊爱琴文化中，都能发掘到原始庭院经济留存的踪迹。
从发展中国家看，两河（底格里斯河、幼发拉底河）流域的古巴比伦，尼罗河流域的古埃及，印度河流域的古代文明，其早期的农业发展水平相对较高。源于古巴比伦王国的汉漠拉比法典，就对土地出租和耕耘、放牧和管理牧畜以及修建管理果园等事，有明确的规定。这些地区在公元前就有灌溉农业，但由于盲目开垦、盐碱、沙化和战乱，在上古时就逐渐地衰落了，以庭院为载体的经济活动成为维系农户生计的主体，传统的小农经济在发展中国家的国民经济中一直占据主要地位。为了减少土地不足、人口增加的压力，发展中国家不惜人力、倚重资源密集和劳动密集，来达到增加农产品产量的目的，农业追求的目标是自给自足，解决温饱。农产品商品化程度低，在生产中主要使用的是铁器工具和畜力耕作，形成的是由分散的小农来经营、耕织结合的、以种养业为主的“小而全”式的传统产业。由于技术落后、资本不足，一方面导致传统农业对劳动力需求的增加，人地矛盾日益恶化，一旦发生天灾人祸，人们则食不果腹，社会动荡不宁；另一方面，农业生产积累少，分散的小农经营无力创造较高的劳动生产率，不能为工业及其他部门发展提供高素质的劳动力，向社会提供充裕的农产品，使这些国家在很长时期内都难以摆脱农耕社会的桎梏。
发达国家的庭院经济是和市场经济的产生和发展相伴相生的。在中世纪的欧洲，封建制是建立在罗马帝国的废墟上的，对土地的封分形成了许多自给自足的“采邑”。经济活动一直依附于领主庄园。农业长期实行“三圃制”，将土地分为三大耕作区，分别为冬作物、春作物、休闲地，三年转换一次。土地耕作粗放，产量低，直到18世纪工业革命才使传统的农业和庭院经济发生了变化。始于15世纪末叶的自由资本主义竞争，在欧洲发生的长达4个世纪的“圈地运动”以及在北美大陆上推行的“西进运动”，使农村小农数量急剧减少，农业经营规模不断扩大，资本原始积累不断增加，资本主义农场相应地发展起来，大大加速了农业资本主义化的进程。为了追求农业剩余，工业资本、商业资本大举渗入农村，同时伴随着封建庄园制度的解体、产业革命的发展，现代科学技术的成果广泛应用，交通运输业的发达，以及15世纪末地理大发现后国际市场的扩大，欧洲、北美等资本主义国家的家庭农场和农业发展发生了根本性的转折。一方面通过土地集中和兼并，在小农户破产的同时产生了大批资本主义农场，另一方面，小农迅速丧失土地沦为佃农和农业工人，为资本主义的工业化和社会化生产提供了大量的产业后备军。为了追逐利润，资本主义农场不断采用农业机械和科学技术成果，通过扩大经营规模来进行扩大再生产，使农场和农业企业间出现日益明显的社会分工，商品经济完全代替小农经济，彻底摆脱了传统“小而全”的生产结构，转向为市场专门生产或主要生产某种（或某类）农产品，依托家庭的生产项目或者消失，或者降到从属地位，由此产生出谷物农场、果树农场、养猪农场、奶牛农场等专门农场。资本集约化不仅推动了农业经营的规模化和专业化，也推动了庭院经济的多样化和现代化。在西欧、北欧等地，家庭农场被视为社会可靠的稳定器、就业者的来源及消除贫困的保障。对经营农业的人们来说，身处乡村广袤的空间，与活生生的大自然打交道，带来的是对自由、独立的体验，是人与自然的融合，农业把人与自然紧密地联系起来。20世纪90年代以来，在欧洲的乡村地区，许多家庭农场和庄园都推出了集休闲、游乐于一体的生态旅游，并带动家庭制作工艺品、传统食品加工业的发展。目前，在发达国家，庭院经济已被看作是与市场经济并列的一种经济形式，被定义为“利用家庭资本和家庭成员中不付薪金的劳动力，来生产供家庭自己使用的产品和服务的家庭生产活动” （The household economy can be defined as the productive activities conducted by households using household capital and the unpaid labor of their own members to process goods and provide services for their own use）。这类活动主要包括有家庭食物的准备、家庭清洁、房屋修缮装饰、庭院园艺以及为其他家庭或社区提供志愿者服务等活动，同时又被称为“非市场生产”（non- market production）。这类活动虽然不向市场提供产出，但需要在市场中购买中间环节的产品和服务，并消耗应付费的水、电资源，实际上是一方面创造了有市场价值的产品和服务，另一方面增添了家庭和社区的福利。无论是从理论上还是从实际上分析，即使是未得到酬金的劳动力在所进行的未向市场出卖产品和服务的家庭活动中，也都创造了经济价值。例如，一个家庭在市场上购买价值10美元的蔬菜、肉类等原料，通过使用厨房设备和水、电消耗，制作出市场价值30美元的饭菜，实际上是将原料增值20美元，按照国民经济核算方式来计算，如扣除中间成本10美元，这顿饭菜制作的增加值则为10美元。根据三次大范围对经济合作组织国家内的庭院经济（Household Economy）调查数据的分析，庭院经济创造的经济产值约占各国政府所统计的市场经济规模的一半多。为了全面统计庭院经济活动的规模，人们提出了与国内生产总值（GDP）并行的新的社会经济核算方式，用以不付薪金劳动力创造的家庭生产总值（Gross Household Product，缩写为 GHP）和以付薪金劳动力创造的市场生产总值（Gross Market Product，缩写为 GMP）统计指标和方法，同时设计出经济生产总值（Gross Economic Product，缩写为 GEP）来统计所有经济增值的社会活动，并代替不完整的国内生产总值（GDP）核算方式。这样，理论上GEP 就等于 GHP与 GMP之和。为此，经济学和统计学科研人员开展了一系列的研究、调查和数据分析活动，取得了显著进展，所取得的成果得到一些发达国家政府相关部门的关注，并围绕家庭生产安全和居民健康、居住环境保持清洁等方面，提出了发展庭院经济的若干政策措施。我国庭院经济的演变及发展态势 长期以来，庭院经济就一直是我国经济社会发展中的一项主要活动。据考古发现，在河北磁山、河南裴里岗、浙江河姆渡文化的遗址中，出土的石斧、石铲、石刀、石镰以及陶器等物品，适应了当时人们生产和生活方面的需要。《淮南子·氾论训》载：“伯余之初作衣也，锬麻索缕，手经指挂，其成犹网罗。”这是古代曲籍追述的最原始的纺织水平。到战国时，秦国商鞅提出“为田开阡陌封疆，而赋税平。”这一时期社会追求的理想是，“五亩之宅，树之以桑，五十者可以衣帛矣。鸡豚狗彘之畜，无失其时，七十者可以食肉矣。百亩之田，勿夺其时，八口之家可以无饥矣”（《孟子·梁惠王上》）。并且，当时的社会都是以农业为“本业”，以“雕文刻镂”一类奢侈品的生产与流通为“末业”。战国后期，“末”的范围进一步扩大到整个工商业，从而形成农本工商末的概念。此后，这种依“宅” 据“田”、“前植榆、槐、桐、梓,后种竹,旁冶圃,中庭植果树”（《补农书》）、“务本抑末”的小农经济生产方式一直延续下来，经久不衰。
新中国建立后，庭院经济发展一波三折。发端于20世纪50年代的“大跃进”和人民公社的“一大二公”运动,制约并削弱了以家庭为基础的庭院经济发展。在“文化大革命”期间，庭院经济又被“割资本主义尾巴”，家庭副业遭受到严重打击。改革开放后，农村实行家庭承包制，耕地及自留地的自主经营权又重新回到农民手中，使家庭经济由自产留用逐步转到商品生产，呈现出加快发展的态势。庭院经济凭借其特有的小规模、品种多、转向快，既能快速适应市场多样化需求又能联合起来实行规模化生产的优势，不仅受到广大农户的普遍欢迎，也为开拓市场的企业带来商机，为寻找增加农民收入途径的地方政府的高度重视。例如，山东省枣庄市在农村产业结构调整过程中采取逆向思维方式，在注重大田、大棚开发的同时，充分依靠科学技术，把农户庭院开发作为农村产业结构调整的重要内容，走出了一条依靠庭院经济增加农民收入的新路子。1998年夏，枣庄市发生了严重的干旱，大田欠收。为此，该市明确提出，以秋补夏，引导农民在原有的基础上，重点抓好庭院经济。有关部门迅速制定了庭院经济开发的方案，还把庭院经济作为增加农民收入的措施写进了政府工作报告。随着庭院经济开发技术的普及，该市昔日冷清空落的农家小院呈现一派繁荣景象：春有花、秋有果、冬有大棚、夏有荫，种、养、加、销一条龙，一年四季有收获。一大批致富状元户、示范户脱颖而出。这些示范户起到了“拨亮一盏灯、照亮一大片”的效果，在实践中逐步形成了“协会加农户”、“能人加农户”、“基地加农户”、“企业加农户”四大带动模式，加快了农民进入市场、参与竞争的步伐。山东威海市、河北宽城县、云南大理市、海南三亚市、重庆市山区等许多地方，都把发展庭院经济作为农业结构调整、增加农民收入和农村绿化的一个重要途径。
随着农村小康社会进程的加快，我国农村庭院经济发展近些年来发生了迅速的变化。在我国的一些大中城市郊区和东南沿海发达地区，农村已不再是脏、乱、差的落后地区而是干净、整洁、文明的发达地区，传统的分散的农户庭院已被现代化的高楼大厦和规划整齐的楼盘社区所替代，庭院经济已不复存在，并被家庭养花、养观赏动物及绿化活动所替代，这是农村工业化和城镇化发展的历史必然。但在广大的中部地区和东部欠发达地区，庭院经济仍然是农村经济中的重要组成部分。据不完全统计，目前农民家庭总收入的1／3来自庭院经济。在广袤的西部地区，由于商品生产和交换落后，庭院经济发展正处在起步阶段。目前，我国约有 69.5万个村委会，2.46亿农户，每户人均经营耕地面积为0.13公顷（其中,农户人均经营的自留地面积为0.005公顷），人均经营山地面积为 0.019公顷，农业剩余劳动力多、农忙后空闲时间多，庭院经济发展的潜力巨大。在当前农民收入不高、市场需求大的条件下，庭院经济发展将呈现多样化分散经营和规模化专业生产并存的格局。前者是依托较充裕的资金、土地、信息和特有的技术技能，拥有祖传或专门的工艺,在市场竞争中占居主动地位,可以获得较高的经济收益。后者是由于市场需求量大,往往出现一些一家一户解决不了或解决不好的问题,或者是当庭院经济发展到一定规模后，都迫切需要农户由“小而全”转向专业化分工协作，实现规模化生产和营销，以降低成本、增加收益。与此同时，一些中介组织、社会化服务组织和经纪人也应运而生，把远离城市的乡村农户产品供给和国内外市场需求紧密地联系起来，增添了庭院经济的活力和竞争力，推动了农村市场体系的发育、完善和壮大。发展庭院经济的思考及建议 庭院经济是以商品生产为主要目的的庭院园艺、庭院养殖、庭院农副产品加工、储藏、保鲜和庭院服务业的开发活动，其生产的产品多种多样，既有供食用的农产品生产、加工，又有生活用品、工艺品的制作，还有涉及人生安全的危险品生产，发展沼气带动种养业、发展清洁能源以及提供农家旅游住宿服务等，生产集约化程度及市场预期收益往往要比承包地即田园经济要高。但横向比较，我国一些地方的庭院经济还处在相当原始和落后的境况，如人居与畜舍混为一处，卫生状况差，容易引发人畜共患病；以家庭作为生产鞭炮的小作坊，直接导致人身伤亡的巨大事故频频发生；家庭加工各种制品排出的污水、废料，不仅有损农村居民（抽样调查表明，目前我国农村妇女劳动收入占家庭总收入的40％；尤其在庭院经济活动中，妇女投入的劳动较多）特别是妇女自身的健康，还污染环境，破坏生态。而且，环境因素对健康造成的损害较其他健康损害复杂，是微量、慢性、长期和不可逆转的。环境健康影响与公众利益息息相关，环境健康损害如得不到妥善处理还将转化为社会、经济问题。
因此，发展庭院经济，在充分利用农户四大资源（零星土地资源、农副产品资源、独特的环境空间资源以及劳动力资源），追求经济效益最大化、成本最小化的同时，既要考虑市场需要和消费者的多样化需求，还要考虑庭院生产的安全条件、卫生条件和生态条件，从维护居民健康、社区环境和市场需要出发，来调整和优化庭院经济结构，发展庭院经济产品的生产并提供服务。其次，由于庭院是独特的农户居住单元空间，是人们生活和栖息的场所，发展庭院经济又是以牺牲家庭成员个人的闲暇时间，来从事资源开发促进商品生产的活动，不能以降低居住环境质量、破坏庭院周边生态资源和损害个人身体健康为代价，来换取经济的发展。实践证明，一户好的庭院经济就是一个良性循环的生态经济系统。要按照生态规律、生物规律和经济规律，通过绿化、美化和净化手段，加快形成具有地域特色的资源良性转化增值的发展方式和健康的农村生态经济系统。第三，农村村落环境千差万别，农耕文化千姿百态。环境就是形象，文化就是财富。建设社会主义新农村，发展庭院经济，不仅要把强户富民作为发展的落脚点，还要把农村文化繁荣、生态文明和谐作为发展的方向，通过生物链的加环、产业链的延长，把传统农耕文化长期积淀的民风、民居、民俗、历史遗迹、人文景观、道德规则等，融入到庭院经济和农村各类产业的发展之中，既要把保护环境和提高农业资源的利用与满足人类需要相结合，又要加快建设家居温暖清洁化、庭院经济高效化和农业生产无害化的生态家园，以实现经济、社会和生态上的“整体、协调、循环、共生”式的可持续发展。第四，发展庭院经济要体现“以人为本”的核心目标。庭院经济涉及到的每件细小的具体事情，都与农村居民的切身利益息息相关，几乎事关人民的吃、穿、住、行、工作、学习、休息等一切领域。要充分考虑人居环境的承载力，充分考虑资源供给的可更新性和地域特色农耕文化的传承性。要进行生态伦理与环境道德教育，在庭院资源的开发、加工、运输、消费等全过程实施循环经济，以生态优先为前提，快速、高效、持久地发展庭院经济，最终获得经济效益、社会效益与生态效益的“共赢”。第五，要对庭院经济面临的新问题、新情况组织开展理论研究和应用研究，科学预测庭院经济的市场需求及走势，针对地理区位、资源优势和农村人为环境的差异性，提出新时期发展庭院经济的主要模式、技术要点、信息服务和公共政策措施，为农户和企业发展庭院经济提供技术示范指导及市场营销咨询，为地方推动庭院经济的发展提供政府决策支持。
to implement the situation to be checked.Two, on behalf of workers should work hard to improve their own quality, on behalf of the legitimate interests of workers, and truthfully reflect the opinions and demands of the masses of workers, law-abiding model good books work.Three, on behalf of the staff and workers to exercise democratic rights, any organization and individual shall not suppress obstruction and strike retaliation.The fourth chapter organization systemThe thirteenth generation of workers congress delegation chairman presided over the meeting discussion, the members of the presidium shall, operators, managers and technicians. Our company middle-level cadres, including workers, technical personnel, management staff should be more than half.The fourteenth section of the workers' Congress held once a year at least for each meeting, there must be 33 points more than two staff representatives attend the seats. In case of major matters by the general manager, the labor union of the company more than 1/3 staff or staff representatives proposal may convene the meeting. The workers' Congress elections held and resolutions must be approved by all workers represented by more than half.Twenty-fifth of the workers congress around increase and enhance the vitality of enterprises, promote the technology step by step, improve economic efficiency, for enterprise management, an important problem of distribution system and workers life and fix the issue. Staff and workers congress decided in its position within the scope of authority, without consent shall not be modified by the workers' Congress change.Table sixteenth employee representative congress is not in session, the need for temporary solutionAn important question by trade unions called post head meeting of representatives of the staff and workers, and consultation with the down of a workers' congress report confirmed. Head meeting may participate in according to the meeting invited the leadership of the company and other relevant personnel.The fifth chapter of the staff and workers' Congress and the trade unionSeventeenth work as a staff representative of the general assembly of the work of the organization, to undertake the following work:First, the organization of staff and workers elected representatives.Two, the collection of workers on behalf of the major issues of the proposal, presided over the work of representatives of the general assembly of the preparatory work and the organization of the meeting.Three, presided over the meeting of representatives of the staff and workers on behalf of the meeting.Four, the organization of specialized teams to investigate and research, to make recommendations to the workers' Congress, inspection and supervision and supervision of the implementation of the resolution of the general assembly, the implementation of the staff and workers to implement the resolution of the General Assembly on behalf of workers.Five, to the staff and workers into the democratic management of publicity and education, the organization of staff and workers on behalf of the learning policy, business and management knowledge, improve the quality of the staff representatives.Six, accept and deal with the complaints and suggestions of representatives of the staff and workers, maintenance of the legitimate rights and interests of workers.Seven, the organization of democratic management of its other work.The sixth chapter of the Department of the room, the team's democratic managementAccording to the specific circumstances, the eighteenth department may take the form of the employees' Congress or the employee's representative office to exercise democratic management power in the affairs of the authority of the Department.Nineteenth teams and groups of democratic management, by the workers directly participate in the team's trade union leaders and workers under the auspices of the activities carried out under the auspices of the team building by the trade union leader to assist the squad leader.The seventh chapter supplementary provisionsArticle twentieth the company's trade unions shall be responsible for the interpretation of these regulations.Article twenty-first of the regulations issued from the date of promulgation.Trade union workOne, promote the party's road line, principles, policies, the implementation of the higher level of union spirit, under the leadership of the Party committee and the completion of the work of the task.Two, strengthen democratic management, do a good job of the staff and workers' Congress held preparatory, and closing work, do not hold regular workers delegation head of the meeting, to ensure the smooth flow of the main channel of democracy.Three, adhere to the "22" maintenance of unity, do a good job in the labor dispute mediation work, the protection of the specific interests of the masses of the protection of the masses of workers from invasion.Four, strengthen the source participation, actively participate in the company's various policy strategies, measures to develop, and supervise the implementation of the line, reflecting the wishes of the majority of workers and requirements.Five, the organization of workers to carry out labor competition, to make reasonable proposals, small leather, small inventions to create a living activity, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the production of workers.Six, to carry out the "warm and warm project" activities for the workers to run everything, practical things, to help solve the difficult life, do a good job of mutual assistance insurance and staff and workers to study and research work.Seven, establish and perfect the trade unions at all levels, achieve organization system network, fixed regularly held congress, a good new member of the development and transfer of work.Eight, establish and improve the levels of female workers organization, coordination of relevant departments to do a good job of female female workers "four period", play essential role of female workers into the sky, to promote the development of production, protect the legitimate rights and interests of women workers are not infringed.Nine, the group organized the staff to carry out health, education and teaching in music, small and diverse cultural and sports activities, active corporate cultural life, and strive to enhance the cohesion of the enterprise.Ten, to strengthen the financial management of the union, according to the trade union funds on time, to develop the use of the labor union funds budget, reasonable expenses, and do a good job in the collection and use of union dues.Union membership management systemArticle 1 this regulation is formulated in accordance with the relevant provisions of the articles of association of China's trade union, and with the company's actual situation.Second who meet the conditions for membership in the Union constitution and the provisions of the China < >, has signed a labor contract with the company staff can apply to join into the union.Third apply for unionized workers, shall I put out the application, and the Chinese National Federation of trade unions shall fill in "application form" and "trade union membership registration form", by the union approval group and grass-roots trade union audit, is a member of the union. Its membership from the union committee approved the date since.Fourth trade union members should actively participate in the activities of the union, the right to exercise their rights and fulfill their obligations, and timely payment of contributions.Fifth members will be free to go back. Members of the withdrawal will be written application, through the trade union group, approved by the labor union committee, from the day of withdrawal will stop paying their dues.Sixth members do not have the proper reason to continue for 6 months without payment of membership dues, do not participate in the processing will organize life, education refused to correct, should be regarded as automatic withdrawal.Article 77 where serious crimes and criminal sanctions by members of trade unions, by the Committee for discussion and decision, dismissed its membership.The relationship between the eighth members of the organization changes with the change of labor relations, the labor relations of the members change, the relationship between the members of the human relations with me to transfer, with the membership card to transfer.Ninth to master company membership, every month 25 days before this grass-roots trade unions shall fill in "grass-roots union members report > union office reported to the company, requirements in a timely manner, digital true and reliable.Tenth such as the management of the members of the lost Dangdang, causing unnecessary labor disputes, etc., will be held responsible for the relevant personnel.Eleventh handle refund formalities will have workers, and apply for membership, allowing it to re apply for the admission procedures.Twelfth members retired, retired, laid-off, insurable retained membership. Membership retention period from dues. Members maintain membership, no longer have the right to vote and to be elected in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state. In addition to enjoy the insurance benefits, the same treatment will no longer enjoy membership.Thirteenth the Ordinance shall be implemented as of the date of promulgation, and the right to interpret it shall be in the company's trade union committee.Union chairman job dutiesOne, in the company Party branch and the superior trade union under the leadership of the trade union committee, presided over this unit is responsible for the daily work. The trade union work plan, regular arrangement, examination, summing up the work, and timely reporting to the Party branch and trade unions.Two, the implementation of the implementation of the party's line, principles, policies, adhere to the production and operation of enterprises as the center of the heart and to democratic management as the focus, play the essential role of working mechanism of the Congress, the comprehensive carry out the activities of trade unions.Three, the implementation of democratic centralism principle, chaired by members of the general assembly or a member of Congress, trade union committee, democracy, brainstorming, the trade unions do to promote the harmonious development of enterprises and employees, the stability and unity of the home of workers.Four, support the work of enterprise administration, to participate in the development of the enterprise planning, reform and innovation and life and other important work to discuss the work, and actively put forward reasonable proposals.Five, do the preparatory work of the Congress, to complete the work of the congress delegate support.Six, pay attention to listen to the opinions and requirements of the majority of members, in a timely manner to the Party branch and the administrative counter reflection, the maintenance of the rights and interests of workers and the vital interests of the enterprise administrative staff to help improve the welfare of workers.Seven, the organization to carry out health and physical and mental health of the culture and entertainment, sports activities.Eight, responsible for the scope of trade unions in the political learning, assessment, awarding work.Nine, to assist the female staff members will do a good job of female staff and workers, to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of female workers.Ten, assist enterprises in the relevant aspects of the association, do a good job in the work of retired workers and their families.Eleven, the examination and approval of trade union funds.Twelve, timely completion of the party organization and the work of the superior union arrangement.Detailed rules for the implementation of the regulations of the staff and workers' CongressChapter I General ProvisionsThe first one according to the People's Republic of China constitution in < > and < theconsolidation industrial workers congress during the People's Republic of China regulations cases of industrial enterprises owned by the "spirit, the regulations implementing rules are formulated.The second company employee representative congress is the basic form of democratic management of the enterprise, is the right agency workers to exercise their democratic management. The main work is the trade union committee organization of the staff and workers' Congress, responsible for the daily work of the workers' Congress.Third employees in the company under the leadership of Party branch, to implement the party's line, principles and policies of needles, and state laws and regulations, correctly handle the state, collective, individual interests of the three, in the law within the prescribed scope of authority.Article 44 the Congress shall actively support the general manager of the company to exercise the management decision and the unified command of production, scientific research activities authority.Fifth to establish and improve the system of workers' Congress and other democratic management systems, security and play the role of trade union organizations and representatives of the staff and workers to review the major decision of enterprises in the trial supervision, administrative leadership, role and rights to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests and so on.Article 66 The Congress implement democratic centralism in the system.Second chapter of authorityThe Seventh Congress exercised the following powersFirst, the right to consider proposalsListen to the general manager of the regular work report; review; business policy, long-term long-term planning, the annual plan; basic construction plan; major technical transformation scheme;; employee training plan; financial budget is put forward opinions and suggestions; gold funds allocation and use case.Two, the review of the consent or vetoThe salary adjustment scheme of the enterprise; the bonus scheme; the labor protection measures; the reward measures for the employees and the important rules and regulations of the enterprise are reviewed.Three, to consider the right to decide:For workers Fulili fund; workers housing allocation; other important matters relating to workers Living welfare review will be decided.Four, appraisal, supervision powerLeading cadres at all levels of supervision, regular review, general manager of the office should fulfill the duties and objectives of supervision, the layers of cadres to the general manager of science can be put forward to praise, reward, punishment, promotion or group of criticism, dismissed suggestions.Five, the right to democratic electionsAccording to the superior department in charge of the deployment of the competent authorities or the approval of the higher authorities, the staff representatives of the people's democratic recommendation or the election of enterprise administrative leadership, and the election results reported to the competent authorities for approval.The Eighth Congress will be the taskFirst, the party and government departments to do a good job of the "two" civilization, the workers of the ideological, discipline and professional ethics education.Two, Congress should support education workers of the company general manager for the mobilization of workers to carry out the exercise of the powers, the provisions, abide by discipline, efforts to complete the task.Three, close contact with the general staff and workers, to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of workers, and truthfully reflect the views and requirements of the workers.Staff representative of the third chapterThe ninth company employees entitled to political rights in accordance with the provisions of the law, can be elected as the representative of the staff.Tenth representatives of the staff and workers to produce, should take the Department, the workshop as a unit, by the workers directly elected, not appointed by the leadership of the leadership. The number of its representatives should be accounted for 10-20%. of the total number of workersEleventh a staff representative should be a worker, technical personnel, management personnel, workers and other leading cadres group consisting of young workers and female workers should be accounted for a proper proportion. A guest, attend on behalf of several seats.According to the needs of the work and the number of representatives of the composition of a number of representatives of the table group, elected leader, deputy leader.Twelfth representatives of the staff and workers of real implementation of the permanent system, every three to four years of election election once, may be re elected.Article thirteenth supplementary supplementary of the staff and workers' representativesThe representatives of the staff and workers from the unit or away from retirement, on behalf of automatically disqualified, on behalf of the delegation to the original vacancy shall be in accordance with the provisions of the election.Replace the fourteenth representatives of the staff and workersThere are the representatives of the employees, who have the right to change the unit:1, due to illegal law and discipline punishment;2, often without reason not to participate in the activities of the staff representatives of the staff and the organization of the work of the organization, a serious dereliction of duty;3, because of unpaid leave, sick leave and long-term, full-time study and so on, not to participate in the activities of the post of the staff and workers' congress;4, removed from the unit, from the original delegation.The rights of the representatives of the fifteenth employeesFirst, the incumbent will have the right to vote in the election, the right to vote and the right to vote.Two, have the right to participate in the Congress and its working mechanism in the company. Check all relevant departments to carry out the workers congress resolution and proposal to implement the situation, have the right to the right to participate in the personnel of the company leadership question.Three, to participate in the organization of the staff and workers' Congress of the activities of the organization and occupy production or work hours, according to the normal attendance to enjoy the treatment of the case.Four, the exercise of democratic rights of workers' representatives. Any organization or individual person shall stop, obstruct and take revenge complex.Five, during the term of office workers, in addition to personal serious negligence, enterprises may not perform their duties on behalf of the reasons for the lifting of the labor contract or employment changes.Obligations of the sixteenth employees' representativesOne, to study the principles, policies, laws and regulations of the party and the state, and constantly improve the political consciousness, technical and technical level and the ability to participate in the management.Two, in close contact with the masses, representing the legitimate rights and interests of workers, truthfully reflect the opinions and demands of the masses, workers, seriously implement the Congress resolution. To do good work, Congress gave the patience to do ideological education of the masses education work.Three, adhere to the basic principles of the four basic principles, and abide by the national laws, regulations and rules and regulations, labor discipline, do their own work.Four, do a business owner, actively participate in the democratic management of enterprises, as well as to their own political obligations, really play the role of staff representatives.The fourth chapter organization systemThe twenty-seventh Congress Chairman presided over the meeting. All the members of the presidium shall have the workers, technical staff, management staff and leading cadres. The technical workers, technical personnel, management personnel should be more than Banbanshu.The eighteenth Congress will be held once a year. Each meeting will be there must be more than 2/3 of workers' representatives.In case of major events, the proposal by the general manager, a trade union or more than one of the staff representatives of three points, cocoa held a provisional meeting.Behalf of the general assembly of the representatives of the general assembly to elect and make a resolution, must be approved by the majority of all representatives of the staff and workers.The nineteenth Congress should focus on enhancing enterprise vitality, promote technological progress, improve the economic benefit for enterprise management, an important problem of the distribution system and other aspects of the life of workers to determine the issue.Twentieth items will function in its decision within the scope of its powers, not by the workers' Congress agrees not to repair.Twenty-first post Congress may according to the needs, set up a number of dry mattersquickly. 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