第6单元 形容词和副词(二)
(一)形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法:
大多数形容词和副词都有三个等级:原级、比较级和最高级。形容词、副词的原形称为原级;
两人或两物之间,在性质或特征方面相比较时,用比较级;
在三个或三个以上人或事物之间进行性质或特征方面的比较,用最高级。
注:有些形容词由于本身涵意的限制,没有比较级和最高级。如:dead, empty, round, sure, woolen等。
(二)使用比较级和最高级的几个要点 1.比较应在同类事物间进行 误:My hair is longer than you.
正:My hair is longer than yours.
为了避免重复累赘,比较状语从句中常有某些成分被省略,但作为“比较的对象”的成分不能省掉,否则会造成不合逻辑的比较。误句中you和my hair不属同类的东西比较,故要成yours(=your hair),这样便属同类比较了。
2.避免双重比较
误:His handwriting is more better than mine. 正:His handwriting is better than mine.
在比较级前加上more属重复比较,是错误的。
3.比较级和最高级前的修饰语不可误用
误:You can jump very higher on the moon than on the earth. 正:You can jump much/far higher on the moon than on the earth.
very不可与比较级或最高级连用,比较级前可用much, far, even, a lot, a little等来修饰。
4.最高级后的介词in与of
误:Xu Yang sings the best of her cla. 正:Xu Yang sings the best in her cla.
表示比较的范围的介词短语“in...”与“of...”在用法上是有区别的:
(1) in表示“在…内(指某范围内)”,其后接表示单位、组织、时间等概念的单数名词或代词。
(2) of表示“属性(指在同类人、物中)”,其后可接:
a.“the+基数词”或“the+基数词+名词复数”
Betty is the youngest of the three girls.
b.“all +the(one\\"s)+名词复数”或“all(作代词)”
Lin Lan is the hardest of all.
5.形容词最高级前要用the
误:This TV play is best I have ever seen. 正:This TV play is the best I have ever seen.
形容词前必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可以用也可以不用the。
6.比较级前加the
误:Lucy is nicer of the two. 正:Lucy is the nicer of the two.
形容词的比较是对两种性质相同的人或事物的比较:如“A比B漂亮”,英语有两种译法:一是把A、B都说出来:A is nicer than B;另一种是只说出其中一个人:A is the nicer of the two.因此在“主语+谓语+the+比较级+of the two+复数名词”的句型中,比较级前的the不能省去。
7.比较要符合逻辑
误:Zhang Feng is shorter than any boy in his cla.
正:Zhang Feng is shorter than any other boy in his cla. 正:Zhang Feng is the shortest of all the boys in his cla.
当比较的人或物超过两个时,我们使用“any other”或“the+最高级+of”的结构。误句中any boy(任何一个男孩)包括了Zhang Feng,而Zhang Feng不能比他本身还要矮。
8.主格和宾格问题
比较级than后应用人称代词的主格,但在非正式语体中常常用宾格, 如:I am older than she.
I am older than her.(多用于口语中) 但有时意义有所不同。
如:I like the boy better than her.(我喜欢那个男孩胜于喜欢她)
I like the boy better than she.(我比她更喜欢那个男孩)
9.同一个表示比较的句子,可以有不同的表达。 如:他是班上个子最高的。 He is the tallest in his cla.
He is the tallest student in his cla.
He is the tallest of the students in his cla. He is taller than his clamates.
He is taller than any other student in his cla.
He is taller than any of the other students in his cla. He is taller than any of the others in his cla. He is taller than all of the others in his cla. He is taller than all the others in his cla. He is taller than anybody else in his cla. Nobody else in the cla is as tall as he. No one is taller than him in his cla.
Nobody else is as tall as he in his cla.
第5单元 形容词和副词(一)
(一)形容词和副词的用法 1.形容词的用法:
形容词是指用来修饰名词,表示名词的属性的词。一般放在它所修饰的名词前作定语,也可独立作表语或宾语补足语等。 (1)作定语:
This is an interesting
story.Kitty is a clever
cat. (2)作表语:
Yao Ming is very _tall_.Our claroom is _big_ and bright . (3)作宾语补足语:
Don\\"t make your hands dirty .We\\"re trying to make our school beautiful . (4)注意:
a.有些形容词只能作表语。如:alone, afraid, asleep等。
『例』That old man feels alone
because his children are out, I\\"m afraid
he can\\"t come.
b.形容词与不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等连用时,要放在这些词后面。
『例』There is something wrong with my DVD machine. It\\"s nothing serious .
c.某些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,其作用相当于一个名词。 如:the young(年轻人),the poor(穷人)
d.如果有两个以上的形容词修饰同一个名词时,其前后排列顺序一般如下:限定词(a/the, this/some/her……)+数量词(先序数词后基数词)+观点+大小+形状+新旧+颜色+产地+材料+名词。如:a big old German computer
2.副词的用法:
副词是修饰动词、形容词或其他副词或全句的词。用来说明时间、地点、程度、方式、频度等,在句中主要用作状语。
(1) 副词修饰动词,告诉我们动作是怎样进行的,什么时候进行或者在什么地方发生的,一般位于动词之后。
『例』 They went to the park early
yesterday .
We must study hard .
(2) 副词修饰形容词或副词,则告诉我们这些形容词或副词的程度如何,一般位于这些词前。
『例』
Michael Jordan jumps very
high.Dai Yuqiang sings quite
well.
(3) 注意:
a.副词表示频度修饰动词时,位于连系动词和助动词之后,行为动词之前。
『例』Mr.Wang usually
comes to school on foot.
The boy is often
ill.
b.already和yet都表示“已经”,但是,already用于陈述句,而且事情早些已经发生,或比期望发生的要早。它一般用于句子中间,但不能和时间状语放在一起。
『例』1) The train has already gone.
2) The train has already arrived.
3) I have already read the book.
yet用来谈某事在预料之中,用于疑问句和否定句,一般放在句末。
『例』1) Have you found your book yet?
2) They haven’t come back yet.
c.ever用于疑问句或带if的肯定句中或含hardly等否定意义的肯定句中,表示“曾经”一般要放在动词前边;
它不用于现在完成时的简略回答,而要用Yes,I have或No, never表示。
『例』 The old man hardly ever goes out.
“Have you ever been to the new library?” “No, never”.
3.区别几组易混淆的副词、形容词 (1) too 用于肯定、疑问句常用于句尾 also 较为正式书面语,紧跟动词 either 用于否定句,用于句尾
『例』1) He likes music, I like it, too.2) They also agree with me.3) She can’t swim either.
(2) such 修饰名词
so 修饰形容词、副词
『例』1) I have never seen such an interesting film.2) This box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.
(3) alone(单独、独自)作表语=by oneself
lonely(孤独的)可作表语、定语
『例』1) He lived alone, but he didn’t feel lonely.2) It’s a lonely village.
(4) hard(努力地) hardly(几乎不)否定副词
『例』She works very hard, and he hardly has a rest on Sundays.
4.形容词与副词的相互转变:
形容词是用来修饰名词,副词是用来修饰动词,形容词或其它副词,它们在具体应用中可以互相转化,规律如下:
a.在形容词词尾直接加-ly,构成副词,
如:usual-usually, bad-badly
b.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的单词,变y为i,再加-ly
如:heavy-heavily, happy-happily
注意这些单词的变化:polite-politely, true-truly, terrible-terribly
(二)形容词、副词比较等级的构成
形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级。原来的形式称为原级;
表示“比较”的称为比较级;
表示“最……”的称为最高级。 1. 规则变化:
部分双音节词或多音节词前面加more或most,如:
2.不规则变化:
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