日语语法副词教案模板

第6单元 形容词和副词(二) 

(一)形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法:

大多数形容词和副词都有三个等级:原级、比较级和最高级。形容词、副词的原形称为原级;
两人或两物之间,在性质或特征方面相比较时,用比较级;
在三个或三个以上人或事物之间进行性质或特征方面的比较,用最高级。

注:有些形容词由于本身涵意的限制,没有比较级和最高级。如:dead, empty, round, sure, woolen等。

(二)使用比较级和最高级的几个要点 1.比较应在同类事物间进行 误:My hair is longer than you.

正:My hair is longer than yours.

为了避免重复累赘,比较状语从句中常有某些成分被省略,但作为“比较的对象”的成分不能省掉,否则会造成不合逻辑的比较。误句中you和my hair不属同类的东西比较,故要成yours(=your hair),这样便属同类比较了。

2.避免双重比较

误:His handwriting is more better than mine. 正:His handwriting is better than mine.

在比较级前加上more属重复比较,是错误的。

3.比较级和最高级前的修饰语不可误用

误:You can jump very higher on the moon than on the earth. 正:You can jump much/far higher on the moon than on the earth.

very不可与比较级或最高级连用,比较级前可用much, far, even, a lot, a little等来修饰。

4.最高级后的介词in与of

误:Xu Yang sings the best of her cla. 正:Xu Yang sings the best in her cla.

表示比较的范围的介词短语“in...”与“of...”在用法上是有区别的:

(1) in表示“在…内(指某范围内)”,其后接表示单位、组织、时间等概念的单数名词或代词。

(2) of表示“属性(指在同类人、物中)”,其后可接:

a.“the+基数词”或“the+基数词+名词复数”

Betty is the youngest of the three girls.

b.“all +the(one\\"s)+名词复数”或“all(作代词)”

Lin Lan is the hardest of all.

5.形容词最高级前要用the

误:This TV play is best I have ever seen. 正:This TV play is the best I have ever seen.

形容词前必须用定冠词the,副词最高级前可以用也可以不用the。

6.比较级前加the

误:Lucy is nicer of the two. 正:Lucy is the nicer of the two.

形容词的比较是对两种性质相同的人或事物的比较:如“A比B漂亮”,英语有两种译法:一是把A、B都说出来:A is nicer than B;另一种是只说出其中一个人:A is the nicer of the two.因此在“主语+谓语+the+比较级+of the two+复数名词”的句型中,比较级前的the不能省去。

7.比较要符合逻辑

误:Zhang Feng is shorter than any boy in his cla.

正:Zhang Feng is shorter than any other boy in his cla. 正:Zhang Feng is the shortest of all the boys in his cla.

当比较的人或物超过两个时,我们使用“any other”或“the+最高级+of”的结构。误句中any boy(任何一个男孩)包括了Zhang Feng,而Zhang Feng不能比他本身还要矮。

8.主格和宾格问题

比较级than后应用人称代词的主格,但在非正式语体中常常用宾格, 如:I am older than she.

I am older than her.(多用于口语中) 但有时意义有所不同。

如:I like the boy better than her.(我喜欢那个男孩胜于喜欢她)

I like the boy better than she.(我比她更喜欢那个男孩) 

9.同一个表示比较的句子,可以有不同的表达。 如:他是班上个子最高的。 He is the tallest in his cla.

He is the tallest student in his cla.

He is the tallest of the students in his cla. He is taller than his clamates.

He is taller than any other student in his cla.

He is taller than any of the other students in his cla. He is taller than any of the others in his cla. He is taller than all of the others in his cla. He is taller than all the others in his cla. He is taller than anybody else in his cla. Nobody else in the cla is as tall as he. No one is taller than him in his cla.

Nobody else is as tall as he in his cla.

第5单元 形容词和副词(一)

(一)形容词和副词的用法 1.形容词的用法:

形容词是指用来修饰名词,表示名词的属性的词。一般放在它所修饰的名词前作定语,也可独立作表语或宾语补足语等。 (1)作定语:

This is an interesting

story.Kitty is a clever

cat.  (2)作表语:

Yao Ming is very _tall_.Our claroom is _big_ and bright .  (3)作宾语补足语:

Don\\"t make your hands dirty .We\\"re trying to make our school beautiful .  (4)注意:

a.有些形容词只能作表语。如:alone, afraid, asleep等。

『例』That old man feels alone

because his children are out, I\\"m afraid

he can\\"t come.

b.形容词与不定代词something, anything, nothing, everything等连用时,要放在这些词后面。

『例』There is something wrong with my DVD machine. It\\"s nothing serious .

c.某些形容词可以和定冠词连用,表示一类人或事物,其作用相当于一个名词。 如:the young(年轻人),the poor(穷人)

d.如果有两个以上的形容词修饰同一个名词时,其前后排列顺序一般如下:限定词(a/the, this/some/her……)+数量词(先序数词后基数词)+观点+大小+形状+新旧+颜色+产地+材料+名词。如:a big old German computer

2.副词的用法:

副词是修饰动词、形容词或其他副词或全句的词。用来说明时间、地点、程度、方式、频度等,在句中主要用作状语。

(1) 副词修饰动词,告诉我们动作是怎样进行的,什么时候进行或者在什么地方发生的,一般位于动词之后。

『例』 They went to the park early

yesterday .

We must study hard .

(2) 副词修饰形容词或副词,则告诉我们这些形容词或副词的程度如何,一般位于这些词前。

『例』

Michael Jordan jumps very

high.Dai Yuqiang sings quite

well.

(3) 注意:

a.副词表示频度修饰动词时,位于连系动词和助动词之后,行为动词之前。

『例』Mr.Wang usually

comes to school on foot.

The boy is often

ill.

b.already和yet都表示“已经”,但是,already用于陈述句,而且事情早些已经发生,或比期望发生的要早。它一般用于句子中间,但不能和时间状语放在一起。

『例』1) The train has already gone.

2) The train has already arrived.

3) I have already read the book.

yet用来谈某事在预料之中,用于疑问句和否定句,一般放在句末。

『例』1) Have you found your book yet?

2) They haven’t come back yet.

c.ever用于疑问句或带if的肯定句中或含hardly等否定意义的肯定句中,表示“曾经”一般要放在动词前边;
它不用于现在完成时的简略回答,而要用Yes,I have或No, never表示。

『例』 The old man hardly ever goes out.

“Have you ever been to the new library?” “No, never”.

3.区别几组易混淆的副词、形容词 (1) too 用于肯定、疑问句常用于句尾 also 较为正式书面语,紧跟动词 either 用于否定句,用于句尾

『例』1) He likes music, I like it, too.2) They also agree with me.3) She can’t swim either.

(2) such 修饰名词

so 修饰形容词、副词

『例』1) I have never seen such an interesting film.2) This box is so heavy that I can’t carry it.

(3) alone(单独、独自)作表语=by oneself

lonely(孤独的)可作表语、定语

『例』1) He lived alone, but he didn’t feel lonely.2) It’s a lonely village.

(4) hard(努力地) hardly(几乎不)否定副词

『例』She works very hard, and he hardly has a rest on Sundays.

4.形容词与副词的相互转变:

形容词是用来修饰名词,副词是用来修饰动词,形容词或其它副词,它们在具体应用中可以互相转化,规律如下:

a.在形容词词尾直接加-ly,构成副词,

如:usual-usually, bad-badly

b.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的单词,变y为i,再加-ly

如:heavy-heavily, happy-happily

注意这些单词的变化:polite-politely, true-truly, terrible-terribly

(二)形容词、副词比较等级的构成

形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级。原来的形式称为原级;
表示“比较”的称为比较级;
表示“最……”的称为最高级。 1. 规则变化:

部分双音节词或多音节词前面加more或most,如:

2.不规则变化:

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