口蹄疫防治综述
2011-03-20 11:45:26 来源：阳光畜牧网 浏览：344次
口蹄疫的基本特点和综合防治措施
口蹄疫（FMD）是由口蹄疫病毒引起的一种急性、热性、高度接触性和可快速远距离传播的动物疫病。侵染的对象主要包括牛、羊、猪、驼、鹿、大象等家养和野生偶蹄动物。FMD也可感染人，但病例较少，表现轻微，据说对幼儿有一定的危害性，所以必须避免幼儿接触患病动物。该病一经发生，往往会导致大流行，不易控制和消灭，并可造成巨大的经济损失和社会影响，世界卫生组织（OIE）将该病列为A类动物疫病名单之首，我国政府也将FMD排在14个一类动物传感病的第一位。
口蹄疫的基本特点：
人类与FMD的斗争已有上百年的历史，但时至今日该病尚未在全球得到控制和消灭。FMD之所以难以控制和消灭并受到国内外广泛的关注，是由该病的以下特点决定的。
1、易感动物种类繁多，而且重要的经济动物如牛、羊、猪、马都易感，人类动物源性食品绝大部分是由这些畜种提供的。因这些易感动物的经济价值较高，养殖量大，防疫时扑杀病畜阻力大，政府的补偿费用大。致使发展中国家（包括我国）的FMD防治政策难以推进。
2、FMD病毒属于RND病毒，该病毒的变异性极强，其变异性不仅表现在抗原上,而且其宿主嗜性经常发生变化。FMD有七个血清型，目前在我国流行的有四种，分别是O、亚洲Ⅰ、A、C型，尤其以O型和亚洲Ⅰ型最为常见，各血清型号之间没有交叉保护性，同型号内不同各亚型之间交叉免疫变化幅度较大，亚型内各毒株之间也有明显的抗原差异，免疫防治等于面对七种不同的传染病，而新毒株又不断出现，每出现一次新的毒株，疫情就会出现一次高潮。
3、 FMD病毒的感染性和致病力特别强，牛只要吸入10个感染单位就可发病，猪更少，而病畜的排毒量又特别大，一头100公斤左右的病猪每天仅从呼吸道排出的病毒如全被牛吸入，可使1000万头牛发病，病畜还可从粪、尿、乳汁以及皮肤等排泄系统往外排毒。
4、FMD有多种传播方式和感染途径，该病不仅可通过接触传播还可通过空气、水、昆虫、啮齿类动物传播，随着世界以及国内经济的不断发展，动物贸易以及动物流通越来越频繁，更加速了该病的传播和蔓延。
5、 FMD的潜伏期短，发病急，动物感染病毒后最快十几个小时就可发病排毒。
6、与其他病毒相比，动物机体对FMD的免疫应答程度低。FMD病毒的免疫原性很弱，有免疫原性的重要抗原仅有完全病毒颗粒（146S）和空衣壳（75S）两种，目前国内市面上的灭活疫苗基本上是空衣壳疫苗，而空衣壳（75S）抗原在疫苗中的含量很低而且很不稳定，所以即使接种了疫苗也不一定可以产生足够的保护力。
7、以前许多人以为FMD是一种季节性疾病，常发于冬春季节，所以在夏秋季节疏于防范，其实随着病毒的变异和毒力的增强，现在的FMD已经可以在不同的地区，一年四季皆可发生。
FMD的以上特点给该病的控制和消灭增加了难度。
口蹄疫的临床症状
口蹄疫的临床症状，取决于多种因素，如动物的易感性和病毒的致病性，易感性取决于动物的种属、品种、年龄和生理状态，病毒的致病性又与它的遗传学和表型特性有关。
典型口蹄疫的临床症状是以发热和在口腔黏膜、乳房及蹄部皮肤上发生水疱和溃烂为特征。典型口蹄疫又可呈良性、恶性和并发症经过。对幼畜的特征是无鹅口疮性的急性和最急性心肌炎和坏死性肠炎经过，通常以死亡结束。同样，还可能见到亚临床感染经过。
根据本病的特性和临床表现的延续性可分为急性和亚急性经过。急性经过持续一至数日，出现典型的临床症状。亚急性经过可持续2—3周，出现特征的临床症状，但往往不甚严重，如果动物很快康复，就认为是良性经过。在个别情况下，外界环境不良因素（气压低、高温），病毒毒力强，动物机体营养状况差、强应激、机体抵抗力弱，则可呈现恶性口蹄疫经过，以高度死亡为特征。
由于口蹄疫的典型症状比较明显，容易辨别，所以在此不再叙述。
口蹄疫的防制和疫苗预防接种
FMD的防制工作是一个系统工程，不是单凭一家一户就可以防得住的，由于我国特殊的地理位置（毗邻缅甸和印度，这两个国家分别是亚洲Ⅰ型和O型的病毒库）和经济发展水平的限制，FMD在我国时有发生，我国在长期的防制工作中积累了一套比较成熟的经验，概括起来既是：加强组织领导，大搞群众性防疫，组织有关地区、部门联防协作，贯彻预防为主的方针和遵照“早、快、严、小”的原则，采取综合性防疫措施。实践证明，采取“综合防制措施”控制和扑灭口蹄疫的做法是成功的。
做好偶蹄动物FMD疫苗接种来被动防疫更是必不可少的，目前公布的我国部分地区亚洲Ⅰ号口蹄疫的发病以及控制成功的事例表明，FMD是完全可以防制的。
如果一个地方发生了FMD，除了立即报告、封锁和隔离外，还必须做的一件事就是要进行FMD病毒型号的鉴定，应用补体试验、琼脂扩散试验、乳鼠或豚鼠交叉保护试验，通常可在几小时至多几天内就可得出结果，然后给疫区方圆数公里范围内处于受威胁区内的所有偶蹄动物强制接种该型号FMD的疫苗，这样可以减少疫病的扩散和蔓延。
对于已发病地区必须要减少动物贸易和疫区内的人员和车辆流动，做好消毒和病畜的扑杀工作，疫区隔离后待疫病完全平息一个月甚至更长时间如果再没有新发的病例出现，才可以解除封锁，恢复正常的生产、生活秩序。
做好环境消毒工作，包括对空气、水、粪尿、以及畜舍周围环境的消毒工作，特别是加强对空气的消毒尤为重要，因为呼吸道感染最易发生，其感染量仅为口服量的一万至十万分之一，而且病毒在机体的初始复制部位就是咽部及其周围组织，所以一定要加强舍内通风，做好带畜喷雾消毒工作。
按部就班的做好疫苗接种工作，在目前国内这种形式下疫苗接种仍然被认为是最有效的防制手段，必须强调的是，各种动物疫苗接种后的免疫持续时间各不相同：牛不少于一年，一般为3年，长的可达5—6年，猪有波动，一般为6—12个月，有报道认为是1—3个月，羊为一年。免疫程序如下(以猪、牛为例，供参考)：
种公猪、后备母猪、后备公猪：每年接种高效苗3次，每次间隔时间4个月，耳后肌肉注射2ml/头。
种母猪（经产母猪）：配种前接种高效2ml/头， 分娩前一个月再次接种高效苗3ml/头，以确保产后乳汁内的母源抗体滴度达到1：1024以上，使吮乳仔猪免遭口蹄疫强毒的感染。
断奶仔猪：断奶后10-15天首免，耳后肌肉注射2ml/头。
架子猪：80-90日龄二免，耳后肌肉注射3ml/头。
出栏猪：出栏前25-30天三免，耳后肌肉注高效苗4ml/头，预防运输途中感染。
种公牛、后备牛：每年注苗两次，每六个月注射一次，单价苗3ml/头，双价苗4ml/头。
生产母牛：分娩前3个月肌肉注射单价苗3ml/头或双价苗4ml/头。
犊牛：出生后4—5个月首免，肌注单价苗或双价苗2ml/头；首免后6个月二免（方法剂量同首免）；以后每间隔6个月接种一次，肌肉注射单价苗3ml /头或双价苗4ml/头。
口蹄疫病畜的治疗
必须指出，如能做到及时发现病畜并采取及时扑杀处理，则无须治疗病畜，这样更有利于就地扑灭本病。这也是直至目前许多国家成功扑灭FMD的重要措施之一。
根据中华人民共和国动物防疫法（1997年版）的规定，当某地发生FMD或疑似FMD病例时，业者必须要在极短时间内报告有关部门，并协助相关部门做好疫病的处置工作。
轻症的FMD病畜，经过十几天多能自愈，为了促进病畜早日康复，缩短病程，防止并发症和减少死亡，可进行必要的治疗。
目前对该病没有特效治疗方法，在做好病畜护理的基础上可进行对症治疗。
1．做好病畜的护理工作：
将病畜隔离于干燥清洁、安静的圈舍里，使阳光充足，通风良好，垫上柔软的褥草或者细沙，饲喂软嫩的青草、瓜果和适口性良好的颗粒饲料，饮以清洁的饮水，并可在饮水中添加优质电解多维，加速病畜的恢复。在病畜的身旁放置多量饮水，并加入少量食盐或硫酸铜（0.01%）,让病畜随时饮用,对于几天不能吃食的病畜要采用饲管给其灌食流质食物,也可静脉注射5-10%的葡萄糖,防止病畜过度饥饿使病情恶化,引起死亡。
２．使用生物制剂治疗：
对于贵重的病畜，可在发病初期注射FMD高免血清并结合氨基比林和抗生素来治疗，尤其在症状出现以前注射高免血清，可受到良好效果。另外使用同源的干扰素和免疫球蛋白也有一定的治疗效果。
３．药物治疗：
对于幼畜心肌炎的治疗以及恶性口蹄疫病畜：除了局部消毒,注射抗生素和退烧药外,还可应用强心剂,如注射安钠加或者樟脑,也可口服结晶樟脑,每天两次,每次2-8克,对于恶性口蹄疫和幼畜心肌炎性口蹄疫曾受到良好的效果,甚至可以预防口蹄疫发展为恶性经过。
对于口腔病变的治疗：最常用的药物为收敛性药物。可用0.1-0.2%高锰酸钾溶液,1-2%硫酸铜等洗涤口腔.对于口腔和舌面的烂斑,常用10-20%碘酊甘油涂擦或用各种抗生素软膏治疗,皆能受到明显效果。
对蹄部水疱烂斑的治疗：主要防止继发性细菌感染。可用0.1-0.2%的高锰酸钾溶液清洗患处,然后涂上10-20%碘酊甘油,一般几天后就有明显的效果,对于水疱烂斑严重感染或蹄壳裂开有脱壳现象者,涂上药膏后可以用消毒布包扎,每日换药一次,勿使踏入泥粪中或脏水中,可在短期内生长出新的蹄壳，加速痊愈。
乳房、乳头等部位水疱溃疡的治疗：对于乳道堵塞的可用乳头导管导乳，治疗时可用洗涤口腔的消毒溶液洗涤，或用青霉素软膏、10-20%硫酸铜软膏，台盼黄奴佛卡因涂在患处。猪口蹄疫的防控策略
2011-01-27 13:50:33 来源：阳光畜牧网 浏览：299次
1、预防和控制
1.1 免疫接种
依照我国《动物防疫法》和《口蹄疫防治技术规范》规定，我国口蹄疫的预防采取强制免疫接种制度。猪口蹄疫的预防必须依靠口蹄疫疫苗免疫接种来预防，使用药物或其他方式预防是不切实际的、不允许的。使用疫苗免疫可有效降低猪对口蹄疫病毒的易感性，可以诱导猪产生针对口蹄疫的保护力，可以使感染动物的传染性降低，还可以有效减少持续感染的发生。按照我国制定的猪口蹄疫强制免疫计划，目前我国批准生产、使用的猪口蹄疫疫苗有猪口蹄疫O型灭活疫苗和猪口蹄疫O型合成肽疫苗两种疫苗。强制免疫计划的免疫程序推荐：规模养猪场采取仔猪28~35日龄首免，30天后加强免疫1次；种公猪和母猪每年接种2次；散养猪采用春秋两季集中免疫，定期补免措施。猪口蹄疫疫苗免疫剂量、使用方法、注意事项遵照使用疫苗的说明书进行免疫接种。目前，我国生产的猪口蹄疫O型灭活疫苗说明书中标注的免疫剂量为体重10~25千克每头接种1毫升，25千克以上接种2毫升；合成肽疫苗的接种剂量不论大小猪均注射1毫升。规模养殖场的口蹄疫免疫程序也可根据本猪场猪群的免疫抗体检测情况进行修改和制定，有的专家建议老疫情区的猪场种猪也可采用4个月免疫1次的方法进行免疫。
1.2 消毒
消毒可有效杀灭口蹄疫病毒，消灭传染源。口蹄疫病毒无囊膜，因此去污剂、脂类溶剂、醚类化合物、酚类、季铵盐类消毒剂对口蹄疫病毒无灭活作用或灭活作用不强。对口蹄疫病毒可有效杀灭的消毒剂有酸类、碱类、醛类、强氧化剂类、氯制剂类等等，如近年来研制生产的复合醛、戊二醛、二氯异氰尿酸钠和常用的氢氧化钠、过氧乙酸等对口蹄疫的灭活作用比较强。在使用消毒剂时要注意根据使用环境来进行选择，如是圈舍内消毒、场地消毒、空圈舍还是外环境消毒；同时也考虑选用对环境无污染、高效、迅速、广谱的消毒剂，此外，还应注意避免酸类、碱类消毒剂在短时间内交替使用等等。
1.3 生物安全措施
生物安全措施必须要做到以下几点：①尽量避免其他养猪场及相关产业的人员、车辆等进入本猪场，不能避免进入的人员、本猪场的人员和车辆进出要进行清洗、消毒，必要时进行隔离；②不同阶段的猪尽可能的分群饲养，避免混养，猪舍之间要适当的间隔距离；③注意培养工作人员的清洁、消毒意识；④严格控制引种，做到不从疫源地引进种猪或精液。
1.4 疫情的控制
依照法律规定，任何个人或单位发现猪口蹄疫疑似症状和怀疑发生口蹄疫疫情时，都要向当地兽医主管部门报告，不得自行采取措施处理，以免处置不当引起疫情的进一步扩大，造成更大的经济损失，给口蹄疫疫情的防控带来更大的困难。兽医主管部门接到报告后尽快依照疫情处置程序进行诊断、扑杀、消毒、封锁等处理。
2、免疫质量的监测
免疫监测是在猪群接种疫苗后，对群体免疫质量进行的技术评价。
2.1免疫质量现状
依照我中心兽医实验室近几年来对猪口蹄疫免疫抗体的长期检测情况来看，母猪抗体水平普遍比均较高，仔猪（体重40千克以下）的免疫抗体水平相对较差，在有关资料中也有此情况报道，从猪口蹄疫免疫抗体检测情况总的来看，存在口蹄疫疫苗免疫次数越多，猪的免疫抗体水平就越高，保护率、整齐度也就越高、越整齐的规律。
2.2检测方法
我国现行的猪口蹄疫免疫抗体的检测主要采用血清学方法进行，检测方法有正向间接血凝试验和酶联免疫吸附试验，在检测时要依照免疫时使用的疫苗种类不同选择不同的检测方法，采用猪口蹄疫O型灭活疫苗进行免疫接种就要采用正向间接血凝试验和液相阻断酶联免疫吸附试验方法进行免疫抗体的检测；如果采用猪口蹄疫O型合成肽疫苗进行免疫就要采用VP1结
构蛋白抗体酶联免疫吸附试验诊断试剂盒进行免疫抗体的检测。
2.3免疫合格的判定
猪口蹄疫免疫合格的评定标准依据《口蹄疫防治技术规范》规定，猪口蹄疫O型灭活疫苗采用正向间接血凝试验检测免疫抗体效价≥25，液相阻断ELISA检测免疫抗体效价≥26，采用合成肽疫苗免疫通过VP1结构蛋白抗体ELISA试剂盒检测抗体效价≥25，判定为免疫抗体合格，猪群的群体抽样免疫抗体合格率≥70%为群体免疫合格，群体免疫合格率达85%以上可认为获得了满意的群体合格免疫力。
当要进行抗体监测时，检测样品要在猪群中随机抽取，样本数量要足够大，如果样本数量太少，抽样误差就很大，没有群体的代表性，群体抗体的检测就没有了意义，采样时间要在注射猪口蹄疫O型疫苗21天后才能采样检测，进行免疫评估。采用血清进行检测，要自猪的耳静脉和颈静脉进行采血，待血清自然析出后，就可采用合适的方法进行免疫抗体检测。
通过免疫抗体检测可以对猪群的免疫效果进行评定，也可及时发现免疫中出现的问题，如免疫失败、免疫效果不确切、群体抗体水平不整齐等等，依据检测的结果就要进行补免、加强免疫或依照免疫抗体检测结果情况进行本猪场的口蹄疫免疫程序的修改和调整。
2.4造成免疫抗体较低的原因
2.4.1携带疾病的干扰 目前许多猪场的饲养条件和环境条件比较差，细菌携带、感染、发病率比较高，造成猪群处于亚健康状态，现在许多猪场的仔猪体温、呼吸道系统多数存在明显感染症状，仔猪细菌病感染率比较高，许多报道也提出病毒病的感染率也很高，这就造成仔猪对疫苗免疫应答能力下降，形成免疫效果不确切。这可能是造成仔猪的口蹄疫免疫虽然经过1次、2次甚至3次的口蹄疫疫苗注射免疫后，抗体水平依然还是相对较低，不能达到免疫合格的主要原因。
2.4.2免疫的时间性不合理 由于母源抗体干扰过早免疫；免疫间隔时间过长形成空档造成免疫抗体水平过低；免疫程序安排的不合理等原因造成免疫抗体的不合格。
2.4.3其他原因 口蹄疫疫苗存在质量问题，疫苗保存、运输方式不当，免疫注射操作不规范等其他因素也造成免疫抗体水平比较低。
and work. Many classes established the duty monitor system, let every students have class member services and for the class the opportunity to work, this is not a fixed position of the monitor system of rotation, which not only can let the monitor on duty in a day's work for class service work, also can let students know more of the solution in the class, every student can learn. And the class cadre conference held regularly. Pay attention to class and major incidents in the recent, Concerned about the class need to help students and make the class committee work plan and the new division.A good class of 4..Each class in the formulation of the goal, the class of the Convention at the same time, pay more attention to the class a good class construction work class. The class construction is the pillar industry of class education work, to perform the correct public opinion guide guide, schools, teachers' education intent can be more smoothly issued, strict execution. Discipline, clean environment, learning atmosphere, most students with emotional attachment and collective identity, and consciously safeguard the collective honor and so on. We must first establish a collective concept, the formation of "we are the best", and "I win glory for the class" collective concept, then do the selection of class cadres Appointment work. Finally, we must adhere to the positive guidance, set up the correct example in the class.5 class warm atmosphere to create a warm atmosphereRegularly engage in various small activities in the class, such as class members birthday, so these usually small activities can become the lubrication class work, the formation of heavy important part of team cohesion.B, material carrier1, classroom environmentOne of the material carrier class culture in the classroom environment, custody arrangement and class a variety of hardware facilities and perfect, the following is the class certificate, notice.Concise typeThe classroom inside decoration small, quiet harmony learning environment. The usual props: students of their own creation painting and excellent articles and class certificates, inform the knowledge.Warm typeIn the classroom can make the class more decorative ornaments, a warm warm feeling of home. Every member of all will participate in the layout and landscaping of the process to use props: collective action. Photos, photos of various kinds of students, small decorations, potted plants and so on.Festival typeA simple method and warm, usually a simple layout of the classroom clean, but in every festival or major activities will be arranged and re decoration cloth on the classroom. The usual props: Jie Qingqing theme decorations, blackboard, ribbon, Christmas tree, window and so on.2, class slogan, logo, class, class songEach class for their struggle direction and goal force and put forward the corresponding slogan, emblem, subject to production class and class song creation is one students of various class loading to highlight the personality mode.3, class logIn the class log records every class of what happened, the true sense of the expression of feelings and thoughts, the exchange of thoughts and feelings. The class log has authenticity, communication flow and rich and colorful, so this to create a healthy, positive class culture and public opinion atmosphere is very important.4, class team, class small band and so on.The students practice according to their own strengths, not only in class, to show a variety of school activities in the skill, but also enhanced the mutual affection and friendship, but also cultivate interest interest and ability, and excellent to enrich students' campus life, this is the students' independent development, very good way to self management.5, class teachingThe formation of teachers, students, teachers in teacher-student interaction scenarios. Understanding the teacher teaching or spare time, and teachers can become friends. When students listen carefully, assiduously, extracurricular foreign teachers and students as a friends sincere exchange flow. Whether it is learning, work is life, have the interaction between teachers and students, enhance the students, friendship, understanding and cooperation.6, class pageThe enthusiasm of the class web fully class students, their photos, photo, articles, etc. according to the information of interest, hobbies, aesthetic beauty and other factors constitute the class of "out with style, encourage each class in the school web game, in the game communicate with each other by the exchange of learning, to explore for expertise in web design students, and excellent web page links to the school homepage, showing the flow characteristics and style of each class, for all to enjoy.7, publicity column, black blackboard newspaperEach class in the classroom layout, beautification process will be in the publicity column, some innovation and breakthrough in the process of the blackboard. Some classes will be used in the social practice, military training, basketball, sports in the photos posted on the bulletin board or blackboard, some students will learn calligraphy class the works, for exchange and appreciation to the students in the publicity column and blackboard. In addition, the class blackboard design also create new styles. There are some things some classes, the class in recent writing on the blackboard, there will be some class class slogan, the objectives of painting in the struggle on the blackboard.C, specific activity1 regular class activitiesMany classes will often organize class class in the holiday party, to be in nervous at ordinary times more than learning can easily more, better communication and communication between each other, in order to increase the understanding and feelings, enhance the class cohesion setting.2 class volunteersMany organizations volunteer to class activities, every holiday, the class of alternate students will go to some communities, the elderly, some school or kindergarten, primary school to carry out volunteer service. Or to help the community, street cleaning cleaning, filing, board newspaper publicity and other things. Some of the class is arrange the students to go to kindergarten or small school compulsory counselling, usually with classes, extracurricular knowledge to help more students in lower grades have difficulties or learning difficulties of the students, and the students actively participate in the city, District, the volunteer activities organized by our school.3 loving actionPart of the class and the poor old man, or that some poor students in poor areas became trapped on the poor peers, as well as students are free on the streets to raise money or sponsored charity in the campus and other activities to help the people who need help.4 warm classEvery holiday or with the classmate's birthday, the class held a simple ceremony to celebrate the birthday of the students, give blessing and birthday gifts, not only enhance the students understanding between the solution and feelings, is a good method of class cohesion cohesion and class culture.5 autonomous learningSome classes than pay more attention to the common progress of students academic performance in the class, to help each other in school or holiday period, autonomous learning. Take "one to one" structure for learning methods, to achieve common progress with the purpose and effect. And the establishment of students' autonomous learning class adviser asked group, a real school self learning and learning mode.6 art activitiesClass art, sports and other activities are also very rich and colorful, the students will arrange spare time to rehearse chorus, recitation, aerobics, gymnastics, the activities in the school to get good grades but also to show their talents and efforts, such as the positive class team in the basketball game. Not only can eliminate the fatigue and tension of learning, can enhance students, between teachers and students together.The 7 main theme class meetingEach class regularly held open meaningful theme class meeting, through the distinctive theme, rich and colorful activities, the interaction between teachers and students in the ideological education to students ideological purpose, and the theme class meeting of written materials, pictures, data file.8 group activitiesRegularly organize students to watch the same movie, visit the museum and so on, so that the students in the rich extracurricular life, an increase of knowledge. There are often organized class activities, including condolences to solitary elderly, participate in various activities such as neighborhood living, have played a very good self education effect.Parent committee1, organizationThe parent committee is composed of representatives from each class of students' parents, and is the supreme authority of the Council. It is set up by the Standing Committee and the grade group.The Standing Committee shall be elected by the members of the parent committee of the year grades, and the director shall be elected one, 22 deputy directors and 10 members.Parent Committee Liaison Office: XX City No. 1 middle school moral education office, Tel:: 369266872, ,The members of the parents Committee have the right to participate in the activities of the school's parent committee.The members of the Committee of the parents have their views and suggestions on the work of the school, and the right to supervise and improve.Under the arrangement of the Senate, the members of the parents Committee have the right to observe the school education and to carry out the work of teaching and learning.A member of the Standing Committee members attended the meeting at the parents long school staff congress right3,The members of the board of parents have the obligation to cooperate with the school to carry out education and teaching activities.The members of the board of parents have the obligation to help other parents raise their children's level of education.The parents' committee members have the obligation to collect other parents' opinions and suggestions, and to feed back to the school.The members of the Committee of the parents have the responsibility to coordinate the relationship between parents and school.Arrangement of major activities in schools1, make the activity with specific programs. Implement the activity of specific content, time, responsible person, clear all the offices of the division of labor, make the responsibilities clear, play their respective roles.2, do the activities of the mobilization work. For the school teachers and students of the week Monday activities of the "speech" under the flag, and a specific solution to each class under various activities, to attract attention to teachers and students, encourage students to actively participate in excitation. At the same time held a class meeting, specifically to do requirements and arrangements for the class activities. Use classes will be described for the students, and in the moving process, to guide the students.3, arrange the details of the activities of the activities of the day. The day of the event such as the rules say leadership class admission order, class teacher evaluation, administrative leadership column in attendance, specific activities and activities in a project person in charge of the arrangements.4, with the school general office to do logistics service work, and to defend, the Communist Youth League Committee for safety management.5, do a good job in the activities of the propaganda work.. organization campus reporter, youth volunteers, such as the use of campus radio, publicity, publicity banners, campus network, to conduct a comprehensive campaign to create a good atmosphere.6, do a good summary of the activities report. All teachers and students to complete a summary of this event by Monday "under the flag of the speech", pointed out the advantages and disadvantages, in order to show the model. And at the same time for School Leadership Award, let the students experience to show the pride and joy of success. A happy ending.Campus cultural construction1, keep the school clean and beautiful appearance of the whole campus environment, beautiful landscaping, greening, cleaning, to form a thick green atmosphere for education;2, starting from the establishment of the motto, the actual school school school school spirit, teaching style, study style, making its flag, emblem, flag and class ";;3, the establishment of a fixed position of education, such as the school honor room, the team activities, the office of mental health counseling room;;4, the establishment of a fixed position, such as the national flag under the flag speech, publicity column, the radio room, by the special management, planning to use these fixed positions to carry out the development of educational activities;5, according to the school education arrangements, combined events, major festivals, anniversaries, combined with the routine education of students, to determine the main content of the theme class meeting;6, the positive pole of XX local culture and school Liuliushiduo years of school history, finishing, mining, the formation of the school in the history of rescue in the spirit of culture;7, in a series of compilation <xx >, established the Alumni Association, editor <xx reported. safety education A, student's birthday is often safe1, out of the school gate to consciously get off, to enter the school gate to the required parking.2, out of the classroom, not urgent, not crowded.No, teach in laboratory teaching, chasing and running off the corridor, to avoid slipping and falling., it is forbidden to climb the walls of any one of the schools, doors and windows, fences, trees, and the ball.Are not allowed to carry flammable, explosive, toxic substances and flammable, weapon into school.If the electric fan, lighting and electrical failure, shall not exclude private private hands, teachers should report or the general office, the electrical troubleshooting by the school, do not open the distribution box, touch switch. Fire fighting equipment without permission, not free to move., pay attention to the safety of cleaning, the glass window on the high, do not scrape wipe., are not allowed to go out for a swim., students are not allowed to be outside the public places for entertainment, sports and any form of fun activities. Any private party, you must obtain the consent of the parents.10, doing a civilized student, do not have any intention to harm others, steal the behavior of other people's property, not allowed to participate in any place in the fight.11, to detect any unsafe factors and should always report for teachers. In order to ensure the preservation of their calm, safe, not quite reckless impulse.12, on the experimental class to strictly comply with the safety requirements of the laboratory to complete the experiment.113, extracurricular activities and physical exercise, according to the relevant safety rules.14, in the school on the way back home, we should pay attention to traffic safety, road to strictly abide by the traffic rules.15, participate in the school organization's outdoor collective activities, activities must strictly abide by the discipline, are not allowed to leave the individual actions.16, the accommodation must be strictly abide by the rules and regulations of the safety management of accommodation.17, give full play to the student's self management ability, students are responsible for the preservation of students' characters, should be careful to do a good job security..B, classroom safety1, the doors and windows of the classroom must be kept in good condition all the year round, no one can not be deliberately damaged.2 doors and windows, the window was found damaged, the teacher has the responsibility to take measures to prevent and repair timely, and its prevention measures.Key to the door of the classroom, the key class should appoint a special person to keep the door every day, on duty at any time to close the doors and windows to implement Suosuo., in addition to the students' desks, books and textbooks, school supplies, not allowed to store any other valuablesStudents are not allowed to play, slapstick chase in the classroom, just move the desk, chair.On the desk, students are not allowed to write to write graffiti, but not scratches traces with the tool.In the classroom, mustn't Lara to connect the power supply device, socket, arbitrary charge.Students are not allowed to, without security protection measures in the case without climbing outdoor window glass wash scrub, to prevent accidents and accidents.C, teachers and students out of the activities of security1, the organization division of teachers and students go out to develop a detailed activity plan and safety measures, the programme of activities must be approved by the leaders of the school case review sign meaning before implementation. The organization to the field or far activities required by the Education Bureau deputy director in charge of the pipe safety approval.22, each event should have a specific responsibility, pay attention to the age of the staff, the body state of the match., the activities of the line, location, prior to the field survey should be carried out.Hand tools and traffic activities, shall submit to the Department of specialized transportation rent rent, required to comply with the safety requirements for operation, before the Department of inspection and repair of the car., each event has to have security, security, accident emergency plan.Have a picnic, hiking, picnic, and pay attention to fire prevention, prevent food poisoning, prevent fall accident, there is a river near the event, the reservoir, there is no organizational measures or do not have the safety conditions, can not let school students into the water., who go out to participate in various activities, school leaders and safety team members must be on the activities of the whole process of monitoring., in the activities of the implementation of accountability system, such as the case of security incidents, the responsibility of everyone to be held accountable.D, fire safety1, strengthen fire safety education for teachers and students. According to the "Fire Law > requirements, so everyone has to maintain the fire protection An Anquan, fire facilities, fire prevention, fire alarm reporting obligations. To do so that everyone knows that the fire alarm call 119, everyone is familiar with the fire from anti self knowledge and safe escape skills.2, the protection of the various kinds of fire fighting facilities in the school is good. To ensure regular inspection, maintenance, and ensure the equipment to complete the rate of 100%, and do a good inspection records.The classroom, office, dormitory, safety exit, evacuation channels unblocked, safety evacuation signs, emergency lighting condition., students gathered in the field may not be used for low grade refractory material decoration.Flammable, dangerous goods, the explosive, do special deposit deposit, by the chemical laboratory technician two people at the same time when the lock open and shut in the room must be responsible for the custody of a basin, fire extinguishers etc... in the use of flammable, explosive chemical drugs when doing the experiment, the teacher must do the experiment before talking to students clear note, and guide the students to correctly use and prevention to prevent fire accidents., library, chemical laboratory, physical science laboratory, room and other places are prohibited smoking and the use of open flame, after work, the staff should be in time to close the doors and windows, to ensure security.Fire hydrant, fire protection equipment, fire protection facilities, to people all love. No one shall be arbitrarily moved and damaged, the offenders shall be dealt with severely., strengthen the use of electrical safety inspection, the electrician must often on campus with the use of electrical wiring, equipment, etc. to check, such as the discovery of security risks, to promptly carry out rectification, maintenance, to ensure safety.The student dormitory, prohibited the use of open flame, prohibition of burning furnace, hot fast, light candles, incense, no smoke, no private pull random access wires. Are not allowed to use any unauthorized access of home appliances.10, the canteen must be used for pressure vessel, qualified boiler, every year to detect, check, boiler workers certificates, in strict accordance with the operating procedures, safety distance and liquefied gas range head should prevent meters, prevent accidents.11, due to ignoring the fire safety requirements and adverse consequences, should be punished severely punished, until legal liability.E, traffic safety11, security: walking pedestrians to walk in line within the Tao, there is no sidewalk right across the street to walk on the right side; walk the crosswalk; control system through effective communication on the sidewalk, shall comply with the regulations of the signal; watch through no traffic signal control system, attention to sidewalks, vehicles are not allowed chase, Ben runs; pedestrian crossing not, must be straight straight through, not in the vehicle near always suddenly across; do not climb the road edge and the road guardrail, fence, not allowed to pull cars on the road, car chase, strong line or hailed parabolic blow car.2, bike safety: under 116 years of age can not ride electric cars, motorcycles on the road; not to open an umbrella ride; ride; do not get rid of; do not wear a cycle;; don't ride the sick car; not riding fast;; not with the vehicle cut; not parallel to ride bikes.Safety: to get off the bus, parked on the bus on the bus, in the car to grasp the handrail, head, hand and body parts can not be out of the window, tube good things around, to prevent theft; fasten the safety belt ride on a high-speed car; do not ride on the overloading of vehicles.F, food safetyDo not buy do not eat fresh and rotten change bad food not to eat by health department; prohibit market seafood; do not buy food without undocumented vendors; do not buy no trademark or no date, no production unit, no warranty tags do not complete food; do not eat poisonous food; don't drink without disinfection, drink boiled water, not kept for a long time, out of pure water.Rules and regulations model essay:: middle school moral education practicemeasurement management system 29 engineering claims management system 9 engineering progress target award assessment management program 30 pre settlement management system 10 production will, and scheduling
and work. Many classes established the duty monitor system, let every students have class member services and for the class the opportunity to work, this is not a fixed position of the monitor system of rotation, which not only can let the monitor on duty in a day's work for class service work, also can let students know more of the solution in the class, every student can learn. And the class cadre conference held regularly. Pay attention to class and major incidents in the recent, Concerned about the class need to help students and make the class committee work plan and the new division.A good c