欧洲的麻疹疫情
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欧洲的麻疹疫情
截至2011年4月18日，欧洲33个国家已报告6500多例麻疹病例。流行病学调查和基因型分型均已确认在这一区域多个国家和美洲有麻疹病毒传播。
与2010年全年报告的40例病例相比，比利时*至今已报告100例病例。
与2009年和2010年的24000病例相比，保加利亚*今年已报告131例。
与2010年全年报告的5090例病例相比，法国*从2011年1月至3月已报告4937例病例。
塞尔维亚**，东南部的莱斯科瓦茨已报告了将近300例病例。
自2010年10月以来，西班牙*已报告了两起目前仍在进展中的麻疹病例疫情，安达卢西亚已报告600多名病例。在首次疫情中，塞维利亚及其周边城市是受影响最严重的地区，自2011年1月以来，已报告350多例麻疹病例。报告的麻疹病例中也包括卫生保健工作者。第二次麻疹疫情由格拉纳达省报告发生，自2010年10月以来，那里已报告约250例病例。
自2010年9月麻疹疫情开始以来，截至2011年4月的第1周，前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国**已报告636例麻疹病例，其中400多例于2011年得以诊断。首都斯科普里是受疫情影响最严重的地区。
土耳其*伊斯坦布尔报告了一起疫情，2011年1月份，那里共有80多例病例。
除西班牙第二次疫情和土耳其的疫情之外，所有这些疫情中均确认为D4基因型麻疹病毒。西班牙第二次麻疹疫情的病例中分离出B3基因型麻疹病毒，而源于并常见于东南亚（如马来西亚和印度尼西亚）的D9型被确认是引起2011年1月土耳其伊斯坦布尔麻疹疫情的病毒类型
另外，德国*、荷兰*、挪威*、罗马尼亚*、俄罗斯联邦**、瑞士*和英国*今年也都报告了疫情和病例数字的不断增长。
旅行会提高麻疹病毒暴露风险，如果未能及时接种，还会进一步传播给易感人群。为预防进一步传播，世卫组织鼓励卫生机构做出宣传，使人们在旅行前获得免疫接种，并根据现有国家免疫接种计划，通过卫生系统的免疫接种服务提供免疫。
世卫组织建议为全部儿童注射两剂麻疹疫苗，青少年和成人在不确定其免疫状态的情况下应在国际旅行前至少接种一剂疫苗。
Measles outbreaks in Europe
As of 18 April 2011, 33 countries in Europe have reported more than 6 500 measles cases. Epidemiological investigations and genotyping have confirmed transmission of measles virus among several countries in the Region and to the Americas.
Belgium* has reported 100 cases to date, compared to 40 cases in all of 2010.
Bulgaria* has reported 131 cases this year, compared to 24 000 cases in 2009-10.
France* reported 4 937 cases from January to March 2011, compared to 5 090 cases reported in all of 2010.
In Serbia**, nearly 300 cases have been reported from Leskovac in the southeastern part of the country.
Spain* has reported two ongoing measles outbreaks since October 2010, with more than 600 cases reported in Andalusia. In the first outbreak, the most affected areas are Sevilla and surrounding municipalities, where more than 350 measles cases have been reported since January 2011. Cases of measles are reported among healthcare workers as well. The second outbreak was reported in the province of Granada, where about 250 cases have been reported since October 2010.
Since the beginning of a measles outbreak in September 2010, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia** has reported 636 cases as of the first week of April 2011, with more than 400 cases diagnosed in 2011. The national capital, Skopje, has been most affected by the outbreak.
Turkey* reported an outbreak in Istanbul with more than 80 cases in January 2011.
In all the outbreaks except for the second outbreak in Spain and the outbreak in Turkey, the D4 genotype of measles virus has been confirmed. The B3 genotype of measles virus was isolated from cases in the second measles outbreak in Spain, while the D9 genotype, originating from and common in south-east Asia (e.g. Malaysia and Indonesia) was confirmed to have caused the outbreak in Istanbul, Turkey in January 2011.
In addition, this year, there have been outbreaks and an increase in the number of cases reported in Germany*, the Netherlands*, Norway*, Romania*, Russian Federation**, Switzerland* and the United Kingdom*.
Travel increases the risk for exposure to measles virus and its further spread into susceptible populations if not vaccinated. To prevent further spread, WHO encourages health authorities to advocate for immunization before travel and to provide immunizations through health systems’ immunization services according to existing national immunization schedules.
WHO recommends two doses of measles vaccine for all children and at least one dose prior to international travel for adolescents and adults who are unsure about their immunity status.
* Source: EUVACNET (/graphics/euvac/index.html) ** Source: CISID (/cisid/)