浅谈农村教育现状和原因分析及其改进策略
姓名：马仲武 学号：201012868912 专业：教育管理 工作单位：出水小学
摘要：义务教育如一声春雷划破了中国教育的上空。我国在人口众多、教育水平有待完善的情况下普及九年义务教育和基本扫除了青壮年文盲。改革开放以来农村教育得到了前所未有的进展，不仅为我国的经济社会发展提供了大量较高素质人才，而且提高了我国整体的文化素质。但是，目前农村教育形式还不容乐观。农村发展中还存在的各种缺陷依然使农村教育步履维艰。就目前农村教育所存在的问题及原因进行分析建议。望能加深大家对农村教育的认识与理解，关注农村教育实情，积极建设农村教育，使我国的教育事业得到质的飞跃。
关键词： 农村教育 现状 原因 改进 策略
改革开放以来，农村教育随着整个社会经济的发展发生了巨大的变化。我国已基本完成九年制普及教育和基本扫除了青壮年文盲的任务。人均受教育程度达9年甚至12年，取得了举世瞩目的成就。另一方面农村教育整体薄弱的现状没有得到根本改变，目前农村教育方面面临着许多问题有待改进。
一、当前我国农村教育主要存在的问题
1、农村教育投入不足，基础设施供给城乡差距明显
中国人均教育方面投入少，且偏重于城市，尤其偏向城市的重点学校。加上资金下拨后的层层克扣，使得直接用于农村教育发展的资金比较微薄。政府重视城市轻农村，使我国在教育方面出现明显的城乡二元结构，现有农村教育的办学条件，只能满足教学的基本需要，与全面推进素质教育的要求相差甚远。体育器材较少，课余时间只能轮流玩、没有轮到的同学只能眺望窗外。多媒体的教学设备，丰富的体育器材往往成了城市学生的专利，教育资源的供给出现了严重的城乡二分化。
2、师资结构老化，优秀教师稳不住
“振兴教育靠教师”优良师资是教学质量的根本保证。当前，农村中小学教师队伍专业化水平低。据统计，我省中小学教师具有大专以上毕业的学历很少，多数是在职提升学历。由于农村教育教学环境的制约，教师队伍老龄化，学历水平偏低，专业教师严重不足。教师多数靠的是学校所学的一点理论知识和教学方法，从教后缺乏集中系统的理论、理念及手段的提高机会，一直以来只是凭借多年积累的经验任教。即使近年来部分教师取得了大专及其以上学历，也只是有名而无实，学历是提高了，自身知识水平却没有达到相应的高度。由于专业教师的缺乏，绝大多数任课教师是兼职的 “全能型”老师，多年来都是老一套，尽管开展新课程改革，不少教师仍是穿新鞋走老路 没有理解新课改的实质，只学到了新课改的模式。既影响素质教育教学的质量，又有可能浪费部分有专长学生的天赋。、家庭教育空白，学生缺失家庭辅导，教师工作负担重。
农村学校教育质量本来不是很高，加上农村家庭教育普遍还是一片空白，大多数学生家长对孩子的学习不闻不问，或者是心有余而力不足，使得学生在学校学的一点知识在家里得不到巩固，学生的学习效果发挥不佳。同时，农村学生家长为生活所迫纷纷外出务工，让留守儿童的数量日渐增加，使得农村家庭教育的缺位现象更加严重。因此，把本应由家庭、家长承担的教育责任全部推给教师和学校，要求教师在学习上、生活上给予学生更多的关心和照顾，这从很大程度上加重了教师的负担，阻碍了农村教育向前发展的步伐。
、农村中小学教研缺乏活力，成效不大。
农村中小学教师教学任务繁重，学科课程又多，特别是一些边远小学里每位教师要教三、四门课程，还要必须做好备课、讲课、批改、辅导、考试、班级管理、安全等常规工作。特别是安全工作，家长担心、教师操心、学校提心吊胆，因为如此，学校和教师不得不在安全工作上花费更多的精力，“安全第一”成了学校工作的“重中之重”，教师全员集中教研、参加继续教育学习、校本培训、政治学习只能是挤时间、抢时间，几乎没有空闲时间去钻研新课程改革，去开展教研活动。因而造成不少教师忙于应付，手忙脚乱，心力交瘁，教研、教学相脱离，教研活动、校本培训效果欠佳。许多教师依然是“经验型”、“辛苦型”。“研究型”、“创造型”教师在农村微乎其微，少之又少。农村基础教育师资力量本来就薄弱，在课程改革过程中更需要方法理论上的指导，但受经济条件和安全等因素的影响，教师缺乏有效的培训，课改很大程度上依然是“穿新鞋走老路”。、上级下发文件和学校建设的制度有些只是一纸空文，落实不好。
在农村中小学，几乎所有的学校都有一堆堆上级下方的文件和一套又一套管理制度，教学管理、安全工作、后勤管理等方面的规定细之又细，但很多都只是一纸空文，只流于形式，不真正加以落实，上级下发的文件不认真执行，文件的权威性发挥不起来，农村中小学和教师干与不干一个样，干好干坏也一个样，就因为学校和教师工作业绩的评估和考核机制还不完善，广大农村小学和教师工作的积极性和创造性发挥不起来。
为农村基础教育发展打下坚实的基础，进一步推动农村教育的发展，按照“依法治教、优质均衡、软硬件并举”的原则，遵循“政府主导、统一规划、分类指导、分步实施”的工作方针，实现义务教育阶段学校在设施设备、学校管理和师资队伍等方面的均衡发展。
一、教育学生树立正确的“学习观”
为让学生积极主动地参与学习过程中。应做到：第一，课堂教学活动要在民主、平等、和谐、宽松的情境中展开，尊重学生的人格。第二，教师在课堂教学设计时，应在“知识”上留有余地，并提供适量时间让学生提问。第三，鼓励学生大胆猜测。第四，培养学生的质疑能力。第五，培养学生与人合作的学习精神。要把互动的中心更多地聚焦在学生之间关系的拓展上。若把教学现象仅当做教师与学生问的双边互动过程来认识，则过于简单化。在课堂上，学生之间的关系比任何其他因素对学生学习的成绩、社会化和发展的影响都更强、更有力。
二、加强农村师资队伍建设。真正实现教育公平、均衡发展。
选派优秀教师、专业型教师到农村任教，特别是英语、体、音、美教师。从真正意义上实现素质教育。学校要注重教师培训的经常性，经常创造条件促使农村小学教师参加各种形式的学习，通过学习和培训，了解最新教学理念，熟悉全新教学方法，掌握现代教学手段，在知识的广度和深度上有所完善，从而提高教师的整体素质。教师本身要不断提高自身的教学技能和教育责任感，根据学生的不同特点和素质教育要求，不断改进教学方法。以适应现代社会对人才的需要，要关心、帮助、激励农村孩子，特别是留守儿童，学困儿童，多关注其学习完成和变化情况，多与他们谈话和交流，及时了解他们在学习中存在的问题和困难。要在龙华区实现教育均衡发展的基础上，继续推荐农村教育的均衡发展。
要精心组织实施“农村骨干教师培养工程”，为农村教育培育希望的种子。要积极打造一支师德过硬、专业水平高、教研能力强、有一定科研能力、在学校及周边学校教育教学方面起带头引领作用的农村骨干教师队伍。新增教师要优先满足农村学校、城郊薄弱学校的需求。加强教师队伍的配置管理，各区要依法履行对农村中小学教师的资格认定、招聘录用、职务评聘、培养培训、调配交流和考核等管理职能，促进农村学校配足配齐合格教师。
三、健全学校和教师教学工作业绩的评估和奖惩制度，增强其公平性和科学性。
首先，应规范教师考核方法。农村中小学教师的考核应主要由教师所在学校来组织，中心学校和教育局主要负责监视学校考核工作是否公平、公开、公平并提供相应的指导。其次，要全面考核，定性与定量考核相结合。对教师的考核不应只盯在学生上，应当从德、能、勤、绩等多方面去考核，尤其要器重教师的专业成长、教学科研等方面的考核，农村教师由于特殊的地理环境和社会环境，在这些方面明显落伍于城市学校，所以更需要努力赶上。再次，考核主体要多元化。单靠学校引导及教师互评的方式是远远无法评价教师工作的全部的，农村中小学教师的考核应把学生、学生家长、村干部等人员纳入考核主体，更能增强教师考核评价的客观公平性。另外，要注意考核结果的运用，考核真正的目的在于通过考核成果的反馈，促进教师教学工作积极性和教学质量的提高，所以，在使用考核成果对教师进行奖惩时，一定要慎重，应注意避免引起教师的逆反心理。在公平公平的前提下，对考核不理想者要给予辅助与指导，找到原因，促进他们积极改进。只要学校科学合理地对教师进行考核并保证教师考核制度的规范执行，就能充分调动教师工作的积极性和创造性。另外，还要建立健全教师交流轮岗制度和城区教师支教制度，要把培训送到校，将课送上门，为农村教师送上优质培训资源，共享课改成果，实现城乡教育共同发展。
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication "zero resistance".
To constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure "zero."
To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of "zero risk". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity.
To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve "according to law, standardize and fair." Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees "zero fly". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in "five type Enterprise" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening "four good" leadership construction
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication "zero resistance".
To constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure "zero."
To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of "zero risk". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity.
To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve "according to law, standardize and fair." Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees "zero fly". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in "five type Enterprise" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening "four good" leadership construction
play levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism.
To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited.
Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!
play levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism.
To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited.
Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!3
We will continue to improve the company's internal control system, and steady improvement in ability to manage and control, optimize business processes, to ensure smooth processes, responsibilities in place; to further strengthen internal controls, play a control post independent oversight role of evaluation complying with third-party responsibility; to actively make use of internal audit tools detect potential management, streamline, standardize related transactions, strengthening operations in accordance with law. Deepening the information management to ensure full communication "zero resistance".
To constantly perfect ERP, and BFS++, and PI, and MIS, and SCM, information system based construction, full integration information system, achieved information resources shared; to expand Portal system application of breadth and depth, play information system on enterprise of Assistant role; to perfect daily run maintenance operation of records, promote problem reasons analysis and system handover; to strengthening BFS++, and ERP, and SCM, technology application of training, improve employees application information system of capacity and level. Humanistic care to ensure "zero."
To strengthening Humanities care, continues to foster company wind clear, and gas are, and heart Shun of culture atmosphere; strengthening love helped trapped, care difficult employees; carried out style activities, rich employees life; strengthening health and labour protection, organization career health medical, control career against; continues to implementation psychological warning prevention system, training employees health of character, and stable of mood and enterprising of attitude, created friendly fraternity of Humanities environment. To strengthen risk management, ensure that the business of "zero risk". To strengthened business plans management, will business business plans cover to all level, ensure the business can control in control; to close concern financial, and coal electric linkage, and energy-saving scheduling, national policy trends, strengthening track, active should; to implementation State-owned assets method, further specification business financial management; to perfect risk tube control system, achieved risk recognition, and measure, and assessment, and report, and control feedback of closed ring management, improve risk prevention capacity.
To further standardize trading, and strive to achieve "according to law, standardize and fair." Innovation of performance management, to ensure that potential employees "zero fly". To strengthen performance management, process control, enhance employee evaluation and levels of effective communication to improve performance management. To further quantify and refine employee standards ... Work, full play party, and branch, and members in "five type Enterprise" construction in the of core role, and fighting fortress role and pioneer model role; to continues to strengthening "four good" leadership construction
play levels cadres in enterprise development in the of backbone backbone role; to full strengthening members youth work, full play youth employees in company development in the of force role; to improve independent Commission against corruption work level, strengthening on enterprise business key link of effectiveness monitored. , And maintain stability. To further strengthen publicity and education, improve the overall legal system. We must strengthen safety management, establish and improve the education, supervision, and evaluation as one of the traffic safety management mechanism.
To conscientiously sum up the Olympic security controls, promoting integrated management to a higher level, higher standards, a higher level of development. Employees, today is lunar calendar on December 24, the ox Bell is about to ring, at this time of year, we clearly feel the pulse of the XX power generation company to flourish, to more clearly hear XX power generation companies mature and symmetry breathing. Recalling past one another across a railing, we are enthusiastic and full of confidence. Future development opportunities, we more exciting fight more spirited.
Employees, let us together across 2013 full of challenges and opportunities, to create a green, low-cost operation, full of humane care of a world-class power generation company and work hard! The occasion of the Spring Festival, my sincere wish that you and the families of the staff in the new year, good health, happy, happy!